通过田间小区试验和微区试验相结合研究滴灌条件下不同灌溉水盐度、灌水量和施氮量对棉田土壤中氮肥去向的影响。试验设置3种灌溉水盐度(电导率,EC):0.35、4.61和8.04 d S m-1(分别以S0.35、S4.61和S8.04表示);2个灌水量:405和540 mm;同时设置2个施氮水平:240、360 kg hm-2(360 kg hm-2为当地棉田推荐氮肥用量)。结果表明:S0.35和S4.61灌溉处理的棉花氮素吸收量和产量无显著差异,分别较S8.04灌溉处理高出27.46%和33.65%、21.29%和21.63%。灌溉水盐度主要通过影响棉花单株结铃数来影响棉花产量。增加施氮量和灌水量,棉花氮素吸收量和产量均有所增加。15N同位素标记试验结果表明:植物15N回收率在34.20%~62.51%之间,随灌溉水盐度的增加,植物15N回收率呈现先增加后减小的趋势,S0.35、S4.61处理较S8.04处理分别高出30.70%和41.77%;增加灌水量和施氮量可显著提高植物15N回收率。土壤15N残留率随灌溉水盐度的增加而增加,S4.61和S8.04处理的土壤15N残留率较S0.35处理分别高出3.48%和23.22%。施氮量由240 kg hm-2增加至360 kg hm-2,土壤15N残留率增加9.51%。各处理15N淋洗损失率在0.35%~3.59%之间,低施氮量下,S0.35和S4.61处理的15N淋洗损失率无显著差异,S8.04处理的15N淋洗损失率分别较S0.35、S4.61处理高出1.87倍和0.84倍;高施氮量下,15N淋洗损失率随灌溉水盐度的增加而显著增加。增加灌水量和施氮量,15N淋洗损失率均显著增加。
【目的】研究不同盐度灌溉水对棉田土壤氨氧化细菌及酶的影响。【方法】试验设置三个灌溉水盐度(电导率EC):0.35(淡水)、4.61(微咸水)和8.04 d S/m(咸水),分别以FW、BW和SW表示。【结果】咸水、微咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐度,土壤中铵态氮显著增加,硝态氮显著降低;微咸水和淡水灌溉处理土壤潜在硝化势无显著差异,但是咸水灌溉处理显著降低了土壤潜在硝化势;微咸水处理土壤氨氧化细菌数量与淡水处理差异不显著,但是咸水灌溉处理氨氧化细菌数量较淡水处理降低了59.38%;不同灌溉水盐度对土壤硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶影响相似,随着灌溉水盐度的增加,土壤硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性显著降低。盐分对羟胺还原酶活性影响不大。【结论】适宜盐度的微咸水滴灌对土壤氨氧化细菌和潜在硝化势无显著影响,但高盐度的咸水灌溉会导致氨氧化细菌数量减少,潜在硝化势和关键酶活性降低,直接影响硝化/反硝化作用。
Use of saline water in irrigated agriculture has become an important means for alleviating water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity and N fertilization on soil physicochemical and biological properties related to nitrification and denitrification. A 3×2 factorial design was used with three levels of irrigation water salinity（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 d S m-1） and two N rates（0 and 360 kg N ha^（-1））. The results indicated that irrigation water salinity and N fertilization had significant effects on many soil physicochemical properties including water content, salinity, p H, NH_4-N concentration, and NO_3-N concentration. The abundance（i.e., gene copy number） of ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） was greater than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） in all treatments. Irrigation water salinity had no significant effect on the abundance of AOA or AOB in unfertilized plots. However, saline irrigation water（i.e., the 4.61 and 8.04 d S m-1 treatments） reduced AOA abundance, AOB abundance and potential nitrification rate in N fertilized plots. Regardless of N application rate, saline irrigation water increased urease activity but reduced the activities of both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Irrigation with saline irrigation water significantly reduced cotton biomass, N uptake and yield. Nitrogen application exacerbated the negative effect of saline water. These results suggest that brackish water and saline water irrigation could significantly reduce both the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and potential nitrification rates. The AOA may play a more important role than AOB in nitrification in desert soil.
MIN WeiGUO Hui-juanZHANG WenZHOU Guang-weiMA Li-juanYE JunHOU Zhen-an
通过田间试验研究不同灌溉水矿化度和施氮量对土壤微生物数量、土壤呼吸及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。试验设置3种灌溉水矿化度(电导率,EC1∶5)分别为0.35、4.61和8.04 d S·m-1(分别代表淡水、微咸水和咸水);同时,设置4个施氮水平:0、240、360和480 kg N·hm-2。结果表明:细菌数量随灌溉水矿化度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,施用氮肥可增加细菌数量,但当氮肥用量超过240 kg·hm-2后,细菌数量显著降低;真菌和放线菌数量随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,与不施氮相比,施用氮肥显著降低放线菌数量;淡水处理细菌/真菌显著大于微咸水和咸水处理,分别较微咸水和咸水处理高29%和86%,细菌/真菌在240 kg N·hm-2处理下最高;土壤呼吸随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著降低,淡水处理分别较微咸水和咸水处理高12%和33%,土壤呼吸随施氮量的增加而增加,360和480 kg N·hm-2处理分别较不施氮处理增加48%和51%;AWCD值随灌溉水矿化度的增加而降低,淡水处理AWCD值分别较微咸水和咸水处理高3%和13%;灌溉水矿化度对丰富度指数、Shannon指数和Shannon均匀度指数无显著影响,但对Simpson指数影响显著,咸水处理Simpson指数最高,240 kg N·hm-2施氮处理土壤微生物群落多样性指数最高。因此,咸水灌溉显著影响土壤微生物数量和群落功能多样性,合理施用氮肥有助于保持土壤微生物活性和多样性。
