Studies have suggested that one volcanic eruption can influence seasonal to inter-annual climate variations.This study indicates that the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 may have actually induced the stratospheric decadal cooling recorded in the early 1990s.Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and TOMS/SBUV satellite data,a decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperature was found to have occurred in the early 1990s during a long-term descending trend.We generated the spatio-temporal structures of the decadal abrupt changes(DACs) for the stratosphere,and explored the relationship between the Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991 and stratospheric DACs in the early 1990s.Our results suggest that the eruption of Pinatubo prompted a decadal decrease of ozone by the activation of nitrate and sulfate volcanic aerosols on ClO free radicals.The stratospheric heat absorbed by ozone decreased over a decadal time scale.As a result,decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperatures occurred in the early 1990s,and may be attributed to the Pinatubo eruption.The results therefore indicate that one strong volcanic eruption can induce stratospheric decadal climate variation.
Based on the observation data and the reanalysis datasets, the variability and the circulation features influencing precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are investigated. Taking into account the effects of topography, surface winds are deconstructed into flow-around and flow-over components relative to the TP. Climatologically, the flow-around component mainly represents cyclonic circulation in the TP during the summer. The transition zone of total precipitation in the summer parallels the convergence belt between the southerlies and the northerlies of the flow-over component. The leading mode of rainfall anomalies in the TP has a meridional dipole structure, and the first principal component (PC1) mainly depicts the variation of rainfall in the southern TP. The wet southern TP experiences strengthened flow-over, which in turn mechanistically favors intensified ascent forced by the flow-over component. In addition, variations in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) have an important role in influencing the flow over the southern TP, and the ISM ultimately impacts the precipitation over southern TP.
The effects of E1Nifio Modoki events on global ozone concentrations are investigated from 1980 to 2010 E1 Nifio Modoki events cause a stronger Brewer-Dobson （BD） circulation which can transports more ozone-poor air from the troposphere to stratosphere, leading to a decrease of ozone inthe lower-middle stratosphere from 90~S to 90~N. These changes in ozone concentrations reduce stratospheric column ozone. The reduction in stratospheric column ozone during E1 Nifio Modoki events is more pronounced over the tropical eastern Pacific than over other tropical areas because transport of ozone-poor air from middle-high latitudes in both hemispheres to low latitudes is the strongest between 60°W and 120°W. Because of the decrease in stratospheric column ozone during E1 Nifio Modoki events more UV radiation reaches the tropical troposphere leading to significant increases in tropospheric column ozone An empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis of the time series from 1980 to 2010 of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone monthly anomalies reveals that： E1 Nifio Modoki events are associated with the primary EOF modes of both time series. We also found that E1 Nifio Modoki events can affect global ozone more significantly than canonical E1 Nifio events. These results imply that E1 Nifio Modoki is a key contributor to variations in global ozone from 1980 to 2010.
Tropical cyclone （TC） genesis over the South China Sea （SCS） during 1965–2004 was analyzed. The locations of TC genesis display evident seasonal changes, with the mean position of formation situated north of 15 °N in summer （June–July–August） and south of 15 °N in autumn （September–October–November）. The TC genesis in summer underwent dramatic interdecadal variations, with more and less TC frequency during 1965–1974/1995–2004 and 1979–1993, respectively. In contrast, a significant interannual variation of TC genesis with a period of ～4 years was observed in autumn. This study investigated the relationship of SCS TC genesis to the East Asian jet stream （EAJS） and the western North Pacific subtropical high （WNPSH） on an interdecadal time scale. Analysis and comparison of the impacts of the EAJS and the WNPSH on vertical wind shear changes indicate that changes in the WNPSH and EAJS intensity rather than EAJS meridional location are responsible for changes in TC genesis on an interdecadal time scale. Corresponding to a weaker EAJS, anomalous Rossby wave energy at upper levels displays equatorward propagation at midlatitudes and poleward propagation in the subtropics. This induces anomalous convergence and divergence of wave activity fluxes in East Asia around 30 °N and the SCS, respectively. The anomalous divergence of wave activity fluxes reduces easterlies at upper levels over the SCS, which is favorable to TC genesis.
Based on a linear model, the present study provides analytical solutions for ideal triple forcing sources similar to sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） pat- terns associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） Modoki in winter. The ideal triple pattern is composed of an equatorially symmetric heat source in the middle and equatoriaUy asymmetric cold forcing in the southeast and northwest. The equatorially symmetric heat source excites low-level cyclonic circulation anomalies associated with Rossby waves in both hemispheres, while the northwest- ern and southeastern equatorially asymmetric cold sources induce low-level anomalous anticyclones associated with Rossby waves in the hemisphere where the forcing source is located. Low-level zonal winds converge toward the heat sources associated with Kelvin and Rossby waves. Due to unequal forcing intensity in the northwest and southeast, atmospheric responses around the equatorially symmetric forcing become asymmetric, and low-level cyclonic circulation anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere become greater than those in the Northern Hemisphere. Ascending （descending） flows coincide with heat （cold） sources, resulting in a double-cell structure over the regions of forcing sources. Ideal triple patterns similar to SSTA patterns associated with La Nina Modoki produce opposite atmospheric responses. The theoretical atmospheric responses are consistent with observed circulation anomalies associated with ENSO Modoki. Therefore, the theoretical solutions can explain the dynamics responsible for atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with ENSO Modoki events.
