We have collected an up-to-date sample of 123 superluminal sources （84 quasars, 27 BL Lac objects and 12 galaxies） and calculated the apparent velocities （βapp） for 224 components in the sources with the A-CDM model. We checked the relationships between their proper motions, redshifts,βapp and 5 GHz flux densities. Our analysis shows that the radio emission is strongly boosted by the Doppler effect. The superluminal motion and the relativistic beaming boosting effect are, to some extent, the same in active galactic nuclei.
The correlations between broad-line emission,polarization,and core-dominance parameters are investigated for a sample of 148 blazars(BL Lacertae objects-BLs and flat spectrum radio quasars-FSRQs). An anti-correlation between the broad-line luminosity and the linear polarization is found. The broad-line and polarization relation can be explained by using a relativistic beaming model,which perhaps suggests that BL Lacs and FSRQs are a single class. We also investigated the relation between the ratio of the broad-line luminosity to the Eddington luminosity and linear polarization,and that between the ratio of the broad-line luminosity to the Eddington luminosity and the core-dominance parameter.
YANG JiangHe 1,2 ,FAN JunHui 2,3 & YANG RuShu 1 1 Department of Physics and Electronics Science,Hunan University of Arts and Science,Changde 415000,China
We report the result of simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 during February - March 2003. We observed Mrk 421 using the Pachmarhi Array of Cerenkov Telescopes （PACT） of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at Pachmarhi, India. Other simultaneous data were taken from the literature and public data archives. We have analyzed the high quality X-ray （2-20 keV） observations from the NASA Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer （RXTE）. We obtained a possible correlated variability between X-ray and J band （1.25 μ） near infrared （NIR） wavelength. This is the first case of X-ray and NIR correlated variability in Mrk 421 or any high energy peaked （HBL） blazar. The correlated variability reported here indicates a similar origin for the NIR and X-ray emissions. The emission is not affected much by the environment of the surrounding medium of the central engine of Mrk 421. The observations are consistent with the shock-in-jet model for the emissions.
Alok C. GuptaB. S. AcharyaDebanjan BoseVarsha R. ChitnisJun-Hui Fan
Hawking radiation is viewed as a tunnelling process. In this way the emission rates of massless particles and massive particles tunnelling across the event horizon of general stationary axisymmetric black holes are calculated, separately. The emission spectra of these two different kinds of outgoing particles have the same functional form and both are consistent with an underlying unitary theory.
In this paper, we use a method to dctermine some basic parameters for the γ-ray loud blazars. The parameters include the central black mass （M）, the boosting factor （δ）, the propagation angle （Ф）, the distance along the axis to the site of the γ-ray production （d）. A sample including 32 γ-ray loud blazars with available variability time scales has been used to discuss the above properties. In this method, the γ-ray energy, the emission size and the property of the accretion disc determine the absorption effect. If we take the intrinsic γ-ray luminosity to be λ times the Eddington luminosity, i.e. Lγ^in =λLEdd, then we have the following results： the mass of the black hole is in the range of （0.59 - 67.99） ×10^7M⊙ （λ = 1.0） or （0.90 - 104.13） × 10^7M⊙ （λ = 0.1）; the boosting factor （5） in the range of 0.16 - 2.09（λ = 1.0） or 0.24 - 2.86 （λ = 0.1）; the angle （Ф） in the range of 9.53°- 73.85° （λ =1.0） or 7.36° - 68.89° （λ = 0.1）; and the distance （d/Rg） in the range of 22.39 - 609.36 （λ = 1.0） or 17.54 - 541.88 （λ = 0.1）.
Radio galaxies are divided into two groups according to their luminosities at 178 MHz, namely Fa- naroff-Riley type Is (FRIs) and Fanaroff-Riley type IIs (FRIIs) with FRIs showing lower radio luminosities than FRIIs. In this paper, the X-ray data are compiled for 183 radio galaxies (61 FRIs and 122 FRIIs), from the available literature, for the analysis of the X-ray properties. The 1 keV X-ray luminosities are calculated and discussed for the two groups, and an averaged X-ray luminosity of logLX1 keV = 41.30±2.51 erg·s-1·keV-1 is found for FRIs, which is lower than that for FRIIs, logLX1 KeV = 43.39±3.06 erg·s-1·keV-1. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test indicates that the probability for the X-ray luminosity distributions of the two groups to be from the same parent distribution is 1.44×10-10. We also discuss the origin and the mechanism of the X-ray emission for FRIs and FRIIs.
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST) provides an increase in sensitivity and has detected rapid variability of gamma-ray sources.The variability time scales detected from the gamma-ray loud blazars by LAT and EGRET,and gamma-ray luminosity are used to estimate the central black hole masses.In this work,we find that the lower limits of central black hole masses are in a range of (0.3-24)×107M⊙,which are compared with those obtained by other authors.Our results are consistent with other authors' results.Also,the Lorentz factor,Γ,and the propagation angle,θ,are obtained for 18 blazars for which superluminal motions are known.
We have studied the Hawking radiation of the Kerr-Newman-Kasuya black hole via gauge and gravitational anomaly in the dragging coordinates. The fluxes of the electromagnetic current and the energy momentum tensor for each partial wave in two-dimensional field are obtained.
The spectral evolution of gamma-ray burst pulses assumed to arise from the emission of fireballs is explored. It is found that due to the curvature effect, the integrated flux is well related to peak energy by a power law in the decaying phase of pulses, where the index is about 3, which does not depend on intrinsic emission and the Lorentz factor. The spectra of pulses in the decaying phase are slightly different from each other when different intrinsic spectral evolution patterns are considered, indicating that it is dominated by the curvature effect. In the rising phase, the integrated flux keeps increasing whilst the peak energy remains unchanged when the intrinsic emission bears an unchanged spectrum. Within this phase, the flux decreases with the increase of the peak energy for a hard-to-soft intrinsic spectrum, and for a soft-to-hard-to-soft intrinsic spectrum, the flux generally increases with the increase of the peak energy. An intrinsic soft-to-hard-to-soft spectral evolution within a co-moving pulse would give rise to a pulse-like evolutionary curve for the peak energy.
The method used in our previous papers is adopted to estimate four basic parameters （the central black hole mass （M）, the boosting factor （or Doppler factor） （6）, the propagation angle （Φ） and the distance along the axis to the site of the γ-ray production （d）） for 59 γ-ray loud blazars （20 BL Lacertae objects and 39 flat spectrum radio quasars）. The central black hole masses estimated for this sample are in a range of from 107 Me to 109 MG. In the case of black hole mass, there is no clear difference between BL Lacertae objects and flat spectrum radio quasars, which is consistent with the previous results suggesting that the central black hole masses do not play an important role in the evolutionary sequence of blazars.
