目的探讨青少年健康与发展(Adolescent Health and Development,AHD)课程融入现有本科护理课程体系的方案,包括需要加强的领域及核心能力、拟授课内容及采用的教学方法、可能融入的课程,为该课程融入本科护理教育提供借鉴。方法召开AHD课程专家审阅会,讨论本科护生AHD核心能力框架和AHD课程融入现有护理课程体系的方案。结果与会专家认为除个体生理发展领域已在现有护理课程体系得到充分体现外,专业化发展、身心社会功能良好、健康行为与生活方式、性别角色发展4个领域均需加强,并对各领域需加强的核心能力、拟授课内容、拟纳入课程及教学方法达成共识。结论开展AHD课程是必需且必要的,但需在实践中进一步检验其合理性和适用性。
Urban ecosystems are evolutionarily recent novel environments acting as biodiversity filters.Psittacidae birds are considered successful urban adapters mainly due to their generalist feeding and opportunistic behavior,allowing them to occupy environments from cold temperate to dry xeric areas.Therefore,it is important to understand how these species interact in the urban environment.We studied the interannual(2013–2016)abundance of the White-fronted Parrot(Amazona albifrons)in the Neotropical cities of Xalapa and Coatepec,in Central Veracruz,México.Additionally,we studied the feeding ecology during 13 months of 6 parrot species detected in the city of Xalapa.The abundance of the White-fronted Parrot was significantly higher in Xalapa than in Coatepec,and it was homogeneous across years.Non-native plants represented 30–41%of Psittacidae diets in Xalapa,where seeds were the most commonly consumed resource.We recorded the highest Psittacidae species richness and highest diet overlap among species by the end of the dry season(April–May).The White-fronted Parrot had the highest plant richness in its diet,followed by the Monk Parakeet(Myiopsitta monachus)and the Green Parakeet(Psittacara holochlorus);yet,the White-fronted Parrot had a specialized diet dominated by two plant species(Grevillea robusta and Ficus aurea).The diet overlap among the three above-mentioned parrot species was not significantly different to a null model,where the White-fronted Parrot and the Monk Parakeet overlapped during the months of February,April,June,and September.The White-fronted Parrot is an urban adapter that has successfully expanded its geographic range via natural means and by human activities.The invasive Monk Parakeet is currently restricted to one park in Xalapa,and it has remained in that stage for many years(i.e.,pre-expansion phase).Exotic plant species in Xalapa represent∼55%of the woody vegetation,some of which have longer flowering and fruiting periods that may have aided the successful establishment of parrot speci
