Background:Behavioral inhibitory control(BIC)depicts a cognitive function of inhibiting inappropriate dominant responses to meet the context requirement.Despite abundant research into neural substrates of BIC during the go/no-go and stop signal tasks,these tasks were consistently shown hard to isolate neural processes of response inhibition,which is of primary interest,from those of response generation.Therefore,it is necessary to explore neural substrates of BIC using the two-choice oddball(TCO)task,whose design of dual responses is thought to produce an inhibition effect free of the confounds of response generation.Objective:The current study aims at depicting neural substrates of performing behavioral inhibitory control in the two-choice oddball task,which designs dual responses to balance response generation.Also,neural substrates of performing BIC during this task are compared with those in the go/no-go task,which designs a motor response in a single condition.Methods:The present study integrated go/no-go(GNG)and TCO tasks into a new Three-Choice BIC paradigm,which consists of stan-dard(75%),deviant(12.5%),and no-go(12.5%)conditions simultaneously.Forty-eight college students participated in this experiment,which required them to respond to standard(frequent)and deviant stimuli by pressing different keys,while inhibiting motor response to no-go stimuli.Conjunction analysis and ROI(region of interest)analysis were adopted to identify the unique neural mechanisms that subserve the processes of BIC.Results:Both tasks are effective in assessing BIC function,reflected by the significantly lower accuracy of no-go compared to standard condition in GNG,and the significantly lower accuracy and longer reaction time of deviant compared to standard condition in TCO.However,there were no significant differences between deviant and no-go conditions in accuracy.Moreover,functional neuroimaging has demonstrated that the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)activation was observed for no-go vs.standard contrast in the GNG task,but
Behavioral adjustment plays an important role in the treatment and relapse of drug addiction. Nonetheless,few studies have examined behavioral adjustment and its plasticity following error commission in methamphetamine（METH） dependence, which is detrimental to human health. Thus, we investigated the behavioral adjustment performance following error commission in long-term METH addicts and how it varied with the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（r TMS） of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（DLPFC）. Twenty-nine male long-term METH addicts（for [ 3 years） were randomly assigned to high-frequency（10 Hz, n = 15） or sham（n = 14） r TMS of the left DLPFC during a two-choice oddball task. Twenty-six age-matched, healthy male adults participated in the two-choice oddball task pretest to establish normal performance for comparison. The results showed that 10 Hz r TMS over the left DLPFC significantly decreased the post-error slowing effect in response times of METH addicts. In addition, the 10 Hz r TMS intervention remarkably reduced the reaction times during post-error trials but not post-correct trials. While the 10 Hz r TMS group showed a more pronounced post-error slowing effect than the healthy participants during the pretest, the posterror slowing effect in the posttest of this sample was similar to that in the healthy participants. These results suggest that high-frequency r TMS over the left DLPFC is a useful protocol for the improvement of behavioral adjustment after error commission in long-term METH addicts.
