Solving complex post-disaster reconstruction challenges requires the altruistic involvement of heterogeneous stakeholder groups.However,small,more organized groups,such as government parastatals,private developers,and contractors often exploit large,unorganized groups,such as affected communities,leaving them more vulnerable to future disasters.Based on data collected from a case study in Pakistan,this study proposed a framework to assess,anticipate,and mitigate the exploitation of vulnerable stakeholders in post-disaster reconstruction projects.The framework draws on influential management theories and utilizes reciprocal relationships between stakeholder attributes(power,legitimacy,and urgency),participation,and exploitation.The study also argued for non-binary treatment of stakeholder attributes.The framework will allow practitioners to address issues around the exploitation of stakeholder interests in future post-disaster reconstruction projects.
The southern part of the Lake Chad basin is under the gas and oil petroleum industry due to its hydrocarbon potential for about twenty years. This project stands out as the main challenges of the hydrocarbon production and the management of fluxes particularly the groundwater venues. A comprehensive study is thus conducted to develop a dynamic and analytic model for diagnosing the production performances with a particular view on the management of groundwater venues. The three main concerned reservoirs subdivided on subunits evidence their proper characteristics. The porous media, their densities, the internal flows and the water injection techniques such as water flooding were thus adopted. The oil viscosity variability within the reservoirs creates different levels of mobility between water and oil, highlighting the challenges of water management. The material balance model and the behavior of the well analysis were taken in consideration within the identified aquifer, emphasizing the importance of keeping the pressure through injection. The control of water productions, the management of the reservoir, the well strategical position and the specific completions lead to the model functioning. In addition, the CO log and the Pulsed Neutron indicate their limitations as a result of the water salinity and the porosity of the aquifer. The management of groundwater venues at Badila requires various approaches throughout the lifetime of the Crystal field such as the data acquisition and remediation actions and prevention, under a permanent monitoring of the dynamic fluxes in the reservoirs.
